Hmong Language Institute of Minnesota: History of Pahauh Hmong


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rfks ajd...

cfuf cuf Sjys Jfgs Wjn

Jfgs Wjn GUs xjgs xjg Flpf eo Qgf Gos Rld Fpf bfks efyf xnf SjLs zH Xln GUs a Sf zks rfu rj rfu Gfgf Slnf Nfn zks bfd GUs Jo cfu cfyf rfu BfH wd JDf efi:

cfuf cuf Sfys 7 vfd rjos eo rfu BfH wd efi, bfks Jfgs Wjn efi tjk cj eo Qgf Gos Rld blo zks tlpf vfyf Afu rps XfLf Flpf eo afpf cfd Q tfks. bfks afM vfd AfIs bn Fpf Jfo Jlgf eln bfks zo vfd AfIs bn Fpf Jfo Jlp. Fpf qlys Wnf vfyf Afu rps Xfuf wfgf zks blo, SjLf Rfks eld CU vjms xnf bfks Jlgs Wjn zH Qgf Gos Rld Sfd, SjLf CU zks vlhs Vlo 9 vfd wfM, ems Xjm SjLf blo eld cfhf cjp Alm SjLf xjnf Ju blo zks eld Fpf Qgf Gos afpf blks vfks xfks wfos tD SjL EfMf Sjms Gi cfi SjL xfi Nfks Flpf eo xfi Gos Rld xfi xjnf zks Qlo qm Vus efd bfd Sjhf cfuf, SjL xjnf zks Vfo Am xnf wlks NfH wfgf Ays aks Jlus Flpf vlhs Vlo wd tlpf vfd wfM. bfks cj vjms Jlgs Wjn efi vfp Rhf tos eo cDs vfo eld wfos xjgs vfo Ju wd Rhf xjgs Kld.

RlMf cjm Wnf Jfo Jlgf xnf Jfo Jlp SjL eld CU vjms zH Qgf Jfo Jfo Go Rld, Klu eo eld CU wd efi:

tD Jfo Jlgf eo bfks afM Alm Jfo Jlgf vfp eld CU Slnf efUs eln Jfo Jlp eo bfks Q Alm Qli eld CU aks Jlus. eo efUs Qjks Jfo Jlgf eld CU Klu Qli CU Wfns <4> blks eln efUs Qjks eo Jfo Jlp eld CU Klu Qli Flgf CU qfhs <3> blks Rfp. eo wd, Kjks efIf xjgs vfo Flpf eo W qfhs <13> blks SYys xjnf zks wfks AfIs bn Fpf “vfo tfks” xnf “vfo Q”. cDs vfo tfks eo ajm Jfo Jlgf CU eln cDs vfo Q eo Jfo Jlp CU. vfo tfks eo cDs rfu Wfns <4> blks eln vfo Q eo cDs rfu qfhs <3> blks. vfo tfks rfu Wfns <4> blks tD Jfo Jlgf eo tfks, Qli rfu Nm CU zys eMf eln vfo Q rfu qfhs <3> blks tD Jfo Jlgf eo bfks Q, Alm Qli Flgf rfu cDs CU qfhs <3> blks Rfp. eo wd efUs Qjks eo Jfo Jlgf CU Alm eo CU cos vfo Flpf eo Wfns <4> blks elnf efUs Qjks eo Jfo Jlp eld CU Alm eo CU cos vfo qfhs <3> blks. xji vfy efi afps Sfys xjgs vfo W qfhs <13> afos xjnf wd rfu qlks afos vfo tlhs eo Wfns <4> blks Fpf qlys qfhs <3> blks Fpf Jlus BfH wd JDf efi:

ajm afos vfo CU BfH bfMf Flpf Jfo Jlgf xnf Jlp SjL eld CU eo rfu wd JDf Jlus efi:

cj c cf cl V Vf Vl - Jfo Jlgf vfp CU Wfns <4> blks Fpf qlys Alm Jfo Jlp Ju eld CU qfhs <3> blks aks Jlus
tl ttf tj w wf wl - Jfo Jlgf vfp CU Wfns <4> blks Fpf qlys Alm Jfo Jlp Ju eld CU qfhs <3> blks aks Jlus
Wf W Wj Wl z zf zl - Jfo Jlgf vfp CU Wfns <4> blks Fpf qlys Alm Jfo Jlp Ju eld CU qfhs <3> blks aks Jlus
vf v vj vl b bf bl - Jfo Jlgf vfp CU Wfns <4> blks Fpf qlys Alm Jfo Jlp Ju eld CU qfhs <3> blks aks Jlus
qf q ql A Af Al Aj - Jfo Jlp vfp CU qfhs <3> blks Fpf qlys Al Jfo Jlgf Ju eld CU Wfns <4> blks aks Jlus
Xf X Xj Xl N Nf Nl - Jfo Jlgf vfp CU Wfns <4> blks Fpf qlys Alm Jfo Jlp Ju eld CU qfhs <3> blks aks Jlus
G Gf Gl E Ef El Ej - Jfo Jlp vfp CU qfhs <3> blks Fpf qlys Al Jfo Jlgf Ju eld CU Wfns <4> blks aks Jlus
S Sf Sl Sj B Bf Bl - Jfo Jlgf vfp CU Wfns <4> blks Fpf qlys Alm Jfo Jlp Ju eld CU qfhs <3> blks aks Jlus
rj r rf rl F Fl Fj - Jfo Jlgf vfp CU Wfns <4> blks Fpf qlys Alm Jfo Jlp Ju eld CU qfhs <3> blks aks Jlus
af a al aj ef el e - Jfo Jlgf vfp CU Wfns <4> blks Fpf qlys Alm Jfo Jlp Ju eld CU qfhs <3> blks aks Jlus
x xf xj xl C Cf Cl - Jfo Jlgf vfp CU Wfns <4> blks Fpf qlys Alm Jfo Jlp Ju eld CU qfhs <3> blks aks Jlus
Jl J Jf K Kf Kl Kj - Jfo Jlp vfp CU qfhs <3> blks Fpf qlys Al Jfo Jlgf Ju eld CU Wfns <4> blks aks Jlus
Rf R Rl Q Qf Ql Qj - Jfo Jlp vfp CU qfhs <3> blks Fpf qlys Al Jfo Jlgf Ju eld CU Wfns <4> blks aks Jlus
vfo Wlus BfL Kfkf <7> vfd rjos

ajU ajm xjgs vfo rfu Kfkf <7> vfd rjos efi Klu eo cf Sfyf eld Sfys Jfo Jlgf xnf Jfo Jlp SjL afpf vfd AfIs ajm Wlus Sjys xnf tm cfuf BfH wd JDf efi:

Jlgf - rfu Wfns <4> blks tm cfuf Qlp wd 1-bfks J, 2-bfks tm Al, 3- bfks zg, xnf 4-vfd tm vfks.
Jlp - rfu qfhs <3> blks tm cfuf Qlp wd 1-bfks J, 2-bfks tm Al, 3-bfks zp.
Jlgf - 4 blks Fjus cfuf tm
Jlp - 3 blks Fjus cfuf tm

Glnf Wjn: 7 vfd rjos Fjus cfuf tm

tjk cj eo tD wd efi xjgs vfo Wlus BfL xjnf Rhf cfhf zks eld Fpf 7 vfd rjos Gnf Bfns W qfhs <13> blks vfo.

afos efi eo CU xnf Jlhf Nfuf ems bfks Wlus Sfys cDs vfo Q xnf vfo tfks.

vfo tfks: vfo Q

cj c cf cl V Vf Vl

tl t tf tj w wf wl

Wf W Wj Wl z zf zl

vf v vj vl b bf bl

A Af Al Aj qf q ql

Xf X Xj Xl N Nf Nl

E Ef El Ej G Gf Gl

S Sf Sl Sj B Bf Bl

rj r rf rl F Fl Fj

af a al aj ef el e

x xf xj xl C Cf Cl

K Kf Kl Kj Jl J Jf

Qj Ql Q Ql Rl R Rf

Rln tk rjos Sfys cDs vfo

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

cj c cf cl V Vf Vl

1. cj – eo rjos cjp Rgf
2. c – eo rjos c QLf cjp tfd
3. cf – eo rjos vfks w
4. cl – eo rjos Flus
5. V – eo rjos Rp Rgf
6. Vf – eo rjos Vfg
7. Vl – eo rjos zfp

rjos vfo tlhs Afof xnf wfif

V

cf 3 Vf

c 2 Vl

cj 1 -

0

rjos Afof tlhs Sfys cnf 1 ems cnf 4

1. rjos cjp Rgf tlhs Sfys cnf 1
2. rjos c QLf tfd cjp tlhs Sfys cnf 2
3. rjos vfks w tlhs Sfys cnf 3
4. rjos Flus efys zH cnf 4
5. rjos vfo tlhs Afof rfu 4 cnf
rjos vfo tlhs wfif tlhs Sfys cnf 3 ems cnf 1

1. rjos Rp Rlgf tlhs wfif Sfys cnf 3
2. rjos Vfg eo tlhs wfif Sfys cnf 2
3. rjos afps eo tlhs wfif Sfys cnf 1
4. rjos tlhs wfif eo rfu 3 cnf

xjgs vfo rfu 3 cDs

1. vfo cfgs xjgs
2. vfo cfgs cjp
3. vfo cfgs tfd

vfo cfgs xjgs –
eo qfhs <3> afos vfo rfu tm afps Rp co EfMf tlos Qlp eo tlhs eld Sfys cDs vfo tfks Fpf qlys. qfhs <3> afos vfo cfgs xjgs eo afos:
1. Wf W Wj Wl z zf zl
2. vf v vj vl b bf bl
3. Xf X Xj Xl N Nf Nl

vfo cfgs cjp – eo afpf <2> afos vfo rfu tm afps

Rp co xnf eo vfo Q Fpf qlys. afpf afos vfo cfgs cjp eo afos:
1. qf - q - ql - A - Af - Al - Aj
2. Rf - R - Rl - Q - Qf - Ql - Qj

vfo cfgs tfd – eo to <8> afos vfo Flpf ajm tm afps wfgf Rp co tfo cms. afos vfo efi rfu zH <6> afoss vfo tfks eln afpf <2> afos vfo Q Qlp wd JDf efi:

1. cj c cf cl V Vf Vl
2. tl t tf tj w wf wl
3. af a al aj ef el e
4. S Sf Sl Sj B Bf Bl
5. rj r rf rl F Fl Fj
6. x xf xj xl C Cf Cl
vfo tfks

7. G Gf Gl E Ef El Ej
8. Jl J Jf K Kf Kl Kj

vfo Q

cfuf cuf vfo Nfn vfo bfd

cDs vfo Flpf Qli Nfn zks Qli bfd Klu eo cDs Flpf wfgf ajks Kld Bkf eld Qli cfo Nfn zks bfd cfu cfyf Sfd xjnf bn zks Cfks eo vfo Nfn vfo bfd. ajm vfo Flpf Qli Nfn zks Qli bfd Jo cfu cfyf rfu AfIs bn Fpf vfo cjp. vfo cjp eo cDs vfo Flpf zos wfgf ajks Kld rms Qlp wd JDf efi:

1. cj c cl V Vf
2. t t tj wf wl
3. W W Wj Wl zf zl
4. vf v vj vl b bl
5. q A Af Al
6. X Nf
7. G Gf Gl E Ef El Ej
8. S Sf Sj B Bf Bl
9. rj r rl F Fl Fj
10. af a al aj ef el
11. x xf Cl
12. Jl J Jf K Kf Kl Kj
13. R Rl Q Qf Ql

tjhs Qms cDs vfo cjp eld wfos vfo Nfn vfo bfd:

cj. vl Sf cj R a Bl Cl
c. al aj Jl vj Sj
cf. cj J al aj Jl Bl
cl. af aj aj vf vf af
V. X Sf A Jl R Bl Cl
Vf. vf K K r B A

A zos Fpf bfd tjos vfo cjp xnf vfo Glgs:

afps; rfu tlpf vfy, af tgf cfu Sfms clos; rfus; Nfn Cfks Klm Qli rlo blo zks eld ro A Xjm afps eo Bk EfMf wd efi Klm rlo ryf xos Fpf rfd. alms A ams qps Klm wfgf ams zH Jl zH Wg xjnf wfgf Wfhs Ghs eld vfd F Fju Klm xfi rlo eld zlhs zlH Gi cfi, vfd F Fju rlo Qlys efys wd qldf Kli Ghs, Afmf eo vjys rju vjys efgf vl eld Sfm GUs. tD vfd cfi cfuf efi GUs wfgf clp wfgf KlH ems GUs vfd cfi wd Sfd.
vfd cfi rlo Jfnf cjo Jfnf Jfo, rlo eo Fuf bfks Slms zlks alms A Jfof, vfd cfi rlo cfhf rjm Ajg to, rlo eo Sjos Bfdf Slms tlos JMftms.
vfd vjys vfd qfks eo GUs vfd eMf xnf Bk Cm xos Wnf vjys Bl vfp qfks qfks Bl vfp Elys. V xfks tMf Qms xhf rlo eld rlo eo GUs alm Sdf alm EfMf.
vfd vjys rlo vf vfd qfks rlo wlL, Gi cfi Gi tos Fuf Kgf rlo Sluf cjp xnf Ghs zfks wlns eo Sjos Bfdf wfgf Sfm Xdf Kpf a efms zks alms A Flhs rfgf Alm Bl Fuf cfMf tos rlo zks Nfms A qfMs ajMs F Fju xpf F Fju Bdf rjos rfus rjos Vlos Wnf Bl.

ajm zos cjo vjo xd zfgf eo vfo cjp Flpf eo vfo Nfn zks vfo bfd afps xnf zos rms eDf vfo Glgss xnf Kld Wlus BfL. vfo Glgs eo cDs vfo Flpf rlo vgf zks ajks Kld eDf xjnf Nfn zks Fpf tlpf efd bfd cfu. Qlp wd JDf efi eo A tjhs Qms ems cDs vfo Glgs. Fdf wd ajm vfo Flpf wfgf zos zH Wln efi Alm Flhs cfd eo vfd cjp. tfos Sfn Wnf zos Sjys, eo rfu vfo cjp, rlo vgf zks zos a tlpf rjps blDf eMf xjnf wfgf KfTs tfos xnf Kp Cfks eo rms zH bfks aks qlys Flpf qlks WMf Qli efn eo tlpf bfks Kld cjp . tjhs Qms A zos wd JDf efi:

xd - vfo cjp
xlp - Kld cjp

- r bfu hf Efys tlpf vfy r ks tlpf JD xjps.
- qfhs rlo vgf cjks a ks vjms wm.
- qfhs rlo vgf cjks aks vjms wm. wif efi rlo zos wfgf cfu wfgf zlH efd bfd.
Fuf bfks Kd eo zos Sjys BfH Jfd NDs Sfd rlo vgf zks Glgs vfo Fuf zfMf xjnf zlH cfuf cuf A zos Sjys Wln cfuf cuf alu rj GUs.

tjhs Qms vfo Glgs eld wfos cDs vfo Flpf rlo vgf ajks eDf Kld xjnf Nfn cfhf bfd:

1. Vl
2. tf, wl
3. qf, Aj
4. Xl, N, Nl
5. Sl
6. rf
7. e
9. C, Cf
10. Qf, Qj

Fuf efd bfd zos Flpf rfu Rms afpf blks, Qlp wd vfo Glgs Kld Alm bfks vfo Glgs bfks Kld SYys bn Fpf vfo Glgs, tD Qli afps Nfn wfgf zks tlpf efd bfd cfu cfyf wd bfks vfo cjp. vfo Glgs Glnf Wjn Kjks efIf eo rfu 15 blks Qlp wd cks Wos efi. eo wd, Wln cfuf cuf alu rj xjnf rlo zks rju cjks a rfu tDs Qlp xnf Nfm a cfu Afu Alo Sf vjms Jlgs Wjn xjnf wfgf Kfyf tfos xnf efks Wfks ro A.

vfo tfms SfL: tjhs Qms:

1. cf
2. vj
3. Xj
4. S
5. xf, xl
6. Rf
7. Rf- Rf cks
1. cf – cf Sfyf
2. vj – vj tks, qu vj
3. Xj – Xj aj
4. S – S cfd, rm S, S S
5. xf - tj xf
6. xl – x cp

vfo tfms SfL eo cDs vfo Flpf efd bfd tlhs Rfp xnf zfp Rfp Nfn wfgf zks tlpf efd cfu cfyf, eo tjos, rlo Wfhs wfgf cfu Cfks rlo Nfn efd bfd Qjks tjLf xjnf cjDs cfu xg bfd. tjhs Qms wd Wos alks Jlos wfp.

tjks to cu Jlhf Nfuf ems Fjus tm cfuf Sfys bfks qlhs rn qfhs Glhf xnf Rln tk Sfys cDs Kld qfhs vfd rjos.

cfo rn Glhf qfhs JlDs xos zos Wn efi eo Sfo Qgf SjLs A Jfnf cjo Jfnf Jfo Jfof Vfof vfd Rln tk cfu au Sjos Am cfuf blys Sjns wfo vjys Flpf eo Sfo Qgf vjys cfuf xos Bl.

vjys rjn xlp cnf qfhs efi eo cnf cfuf cj Wus vjys/Wos vjys/ xnf eo Glhf vjys rjn vjys Fm Flpf Gfgf JfD cfd Slnf afps xnf Elms Flpf eo Glhf Gi cfi Cg ahs xnf Wfhs zks Rfp, xjys qfks Vli rlo afps xnf Elms wfgf eps tD Gi cfi xjys qfks rfu alH rfu Kmf Slms blo ald afM xnf zfd Slms Fjks wfgf EfMf wd Gfgf JfD cfd Slnf Flpf rfu vfd cfo G rlks zks vfd cfo rn Slms Jfo xnf Slms Cms Fpf zks xjys qfks tlpf Flhs Jo Kgf.

Jfo cjm tos Glhf afpf efi eo Gi cfi Glhf afps Flpf eo Xdf rfd Fhs Gi cfi rjms tos, alDf Fjgf Gkf Efys, xjps vf Glks zM Flpf eo vjd cl tos Sfms zks xnf Ems eps eld zH Gi cfi tjos Sfm blo alms Cos.

cjo cjm tos cnf tlpf efi eo cnf rjDf tjks Flpf eo Glhf cjo tos cfi vfd Bk afps Bk Elms, qlks vjg Ju rjn Qfkf ajU Bk afps vjd td a Sdf vln Ju bfu cjm tos tMf cfuf cj xfks aks qlys.

xjgs Kld Wlus BfL 3 vfd rjos 20 bfks

D Df Ds    I If Is

g gf gs    p pf ps

y yf ys    M Mf Ms

h hf hs    L Lf Ls

k kf ks    n nf ns

O Of Os    U Uf Us

o of os    O Of Os

m mf ms    T Tf Ts

d df ds    u uf us

H Hf Hs    P Pf Ps

eo tD wd Klm cDs Kld efn rfu qfhs <3> vfd rjos Rfp? vfd xg eo eld Sfys qfhs <3> vfd Rln tk Sfys Qgf Jfo Gos Rld, Jfo Jlgf xnf Jfo Jlp Flpf eo qfhs <3> blks Ql vjms afm wm SjLs bfks Jlgs Wjn Gi cj. tjk cj eo eld bfu wd efi, xji vfy efi GUs xjnf rlo zks Jm Rn xjgs Kld BfH vfd Rln tk Sfys Sjd qfhs <3> Q tfks efi.